Abstract
Water-related issues disproportionately affect Indigenous communities in Canada. Despite millions in investment, Western-trained scientists, engineers, and other researchers as well as the government agencies that have constitutionally-mandated fiduciary responsibilities to address such issues have been rather unsuccessful in solving them. This has been due, in large part, to an overreliance on methods of Western science and management, ignoring the vast place-based wisdom of Indigenous knowledge systems and relational practices regarding water found across the country. The underlying reasons for this partiality are not innocuous; entrenched colonial and racist policies, programs, and practices have persisted across time and space. In recent years, there is increasing recognition of the importance of applying Indigenous approaches to water challenges in Canada. But strategies for successful implementation are only beginning to emerge. In an attempt to respond to this knowledge gap, our research has sought to systematically identify and assess how both Indigenous and Western ontologies, epistemologies, and methodologies have been implemented in water research and management. In doing so, this chapter identifies some of the most promising practices in Canada. We share these with the goal of contributing to processes of reconciliation and responsibility towards each other as well as our roles as water stewards across the country.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
We use the term ‘Indigenous’ to refer to and recognize the inherent rights of the original inhabitants of the land now known as Canada; the Canadian Constitution identifies three groups of Indigenous peoples collectively as ‘Aboriginal’: Indians (now commonly identified as First Nations ), Inuit, and Métis/Metis.
- 2.
We use both ‘Métis’ and ‘Metis’ because (as per the National Aboriginal Health Organization) while the original ‘Métis’ is translated from French as ‘mixed blood’ and applied to the children of French fur traders and Cree women in the Prairies, of English and Scottish traders and Dene women in the North, and Inuit and British in Newfoundland and Labrador, many peoples and groups particularly from the North and western Canada have dropped the accent.
- 3.
In Canada, the ‘Settler population’ refers to those non-Indigenous peoples whose ancestors, or themselves, have immigrated to Canada at any point over the past 500+ years and, through intentional or unwitting actions, have dispossessed Indigenous peoples from their land and now inhabit their territories.
- 4.
Reserve communities are a product of the colonial system whereby the Settler government forcibly relocated many First Nations to small tracts of land (often not arable or populated with game or medicines), and colonial agents instituted a ‘pass’ system to control and regulate movement on and off reserve; the pass system is no longer at play but the legacy of regulation continues.
- 5.
Integrative science is now often termed “Two-Eyed Seeing” (translated from Etuaptmumk), an Indigenous concept first articulated by Mi’kmaq Elder Albert Marshall in 2004. It is a call to the research community to see the strengths of Indigenous knowledge (one eye) on equal terms as Settler knowledge (one eye), and to learn how to use both (two eyes) to answer pressing research questions in more wholistic ways (Bartlett et al. 2012). The term has seen relatively rapid uptake in Indigenous health research since 2012 due in large part to the decision taken by the Candian Institutes of Health Research-Institute of Aboriginal Peoples’ Health to foster this concept by prioritizing projects for funding that show evidence of using this approach.
- 6.
By original instructions, we refer to readers to, for example, the Haudenosaunee Thanksgiving Address for codes of behavior (e.g., http://www.naho.ca/documents/naho/publications/codeofBehaviour.pdf)
- 7.
In fact, some institutions are making headway in this upstream battle. For example, Lakehead University is introducing a mandatory degree requirement that all undergraduate students must complete the equivalent of a ‘Half Course’ containing at least 50 % (approximately 18 h) of Indigenous knowledge and/or Indigenous content. The University of Winnipeg has also recently approved a requirement that all undergraduate students will be required to complete a course in Indigenous rights , traditions, histories, governance , and cultures. While this may not seem significant, it is a step in the right direction.
- 8.
We also need to develop nuances around these distinctions in different Indigenous contexts; that is water rights and responsibilities are not generalizable across all First Nations , nor are they illustrative of the different relationships that Métis/Metis and Inuit have with water. Moreover, for example, gendered relationships with water play out differently in Inuit, First Nations Métis/Metis contexts, where some may have specific roles and responsibilities or spiritual relationships with water, others do not and instead see water for its pragmatic purposes: sanitation, travel, and sustenance.
- 9.
The lead author doesn’t know many good jokes but she likes a good laugh, even at her own expense; the one joke she does know just so happens to have a water reference and made it in here (if the Editors don’t cut it). We hope you’ll tease her about it when you bump into her along the way. The authors would like to acknowledge the Canadian Water Network for its financial support in 2014-2015 for funding our research in this area. The authors would also like to gratefully acknowledge and thank all those who participated in interviews with our team, those who participated in either/both Water Gatherings, as well as the National Advisory Committee who steered us in good directions over the course of our study and our fantastic research assistants: Rob Stefanelli, Lindsay Day, and Kaitlin Lauridson. Finally, this chapter is an abridged version of a full-length report, which is available at www.heclab.com.
References
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada and Government of the Northwest Territories. (2010). Northern voices, Northern waters: NWT water stewardship strategy. Yellowknife: Environment and Natural Resources, GNWT.
Adelson, N. (2005). The embodiment of inequity: Health disparities in Aboriginal Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(Supplement 2), S45–S60.
Alfred, T., & Corntassel, J. (2005). Being indigenous: Resurgences against contemporary colonialism. Government and Opposition, 40(4), 597–614. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2005.00166.x.
Anderson, K. (2010). Aboriginal women, water and health: Reflections from eleven first nations, Inuit, and Métis grandmothers. Winnipeg: Prairie Women’s Health Centre for Excellence.
Anderson, K., Clow, B., & Haworth-Brockman, M. (2013). Carriers of Water: aboriginal women’s experiences, relationships, and reflections. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60(1), 11–17. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.10.023.
Armitage, D., Berkes, F., Dale, A., Kocho-Schellenberg, E., & Patton, E. (2011). Co-management and the co-production of knowledge: Learning to adapt in Canada’s Arctic. Global Environmental Change, 21(3), 995–1004. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.006.
Atleo, R. U. (2004). Tsawalk: A Nuu-chah-nulth worldview. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Baird, J., Carter, B., Cave, K., Dupont, D., General, P., King, C., Plummer, R., & Varewyck, A. (2013). Gaining insights about water: The value of surveys in First Nations Communities to Inform Water Governance. Indigenous Policy Journal, 23(4). doi:10.1.1.659.8924.
Bakker, K. (Ed.). (2007). Eau Canada: The future of Canada’s water. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Bartlett, C., Marshall, M., & Marshall, A. (2012). Two-eyed seeing and other lessons learned within a co-learning journey of bringing together indigenous and mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2(4), 331–340. doi:10.1007/s13412-012-0086-8.
Basdeo, M., & Bharadwaj, L. (2013). Beyond physical: Social dimensions of the water crisis on Canada’s First Nations and considerations for governance. Indigenous Policy Journal, 23(4). http://www.indigenouspolicy.org/index.php/ipj/article/view/142
Battiste, M. A., & Youngblood Henderson, J. (2000). Protecting indigenous knowledge and heritage: A global challenge. Saskatoon: Purich.
Blackstock, M. (2001). Water: A first nations spiritual and ecological perspective. BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management, 1(1), 54–66.
Bradford, L. E., & Bharadwaj, L. A. (2015). Whiteboard animation for knowledge mobilization: A test case from the Slave River Delta, Canada. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v74.28780
Bradford, L. E., Ovsenek, N., & Bharadwaj, L. A. (2016). Indigenizing water governance in Canada. In S. Renzetti & D. Dupont (Eds.), Water policy and governance in Canada. Cham: Springer.
Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. (2014). Tri-council policy statement: Ethical conduct for research involving humans. Ottawa.
Candler, C., Olson, R., DeRoy, S., The Firelight Group Research Cooperative with the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, & The Mikisew Cree First Nation. (2010). As long as the rivers flow: Athabasca river knowledge, use and change (Executive Summary). Edmonton: Parkland Institute, University of Alberta.
Castleden, H., & Skinner, E. (2014). Whitewashing indigenous water rights in Canada: How can we indigenize climate change adaptation in Canada if we ignore the fundamentals? In D. Stucker & E. Lopez-Gunn (Eds.), Adaptation to climate change through water resource management: Capacity, equity, and sustainability. London: EarthScan.
Castleden, H., Sloan Morgan, V., & Lamb, C. (2012). I spent the first year drinking tea: Exploring Canadian university researchers’ perspectives on the ethical and institutional tensions of community-based participatory research involving indigenous peoples. The Canadian Geographer, 56(2), 160–179. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2012.00432.x.
Castleden, H., Cunsolo Willox, A., Harper, S., Martin, D., Hart, C., Stefanellii, R., Day, L., & Lauridsen, K. (2015). Living with water: Examining methods and models for integrative Indigenous and Western Knowledge to inform – And transform- water research and management in Canada. Report prepared for the Canadian Water Network.
Cave, K. (2012). Exploring the influences of institutions on water governance and management: A first nation case study. Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo.
Centre for Indigenous Environmental Resources. (2011). Climate change and adaptive capacity in Aboriginal Communities South of 60 Assessment Report. http://www.yourcier.org/uploads/2/5/6/1/25611440/160ina652_absos_final_reportfullcmprssd.pdf
CEPI (Collaborative Environmental Planning Initiative). (2011). The spirit of the lakes speaks. Bras D’Or Lakes Collaborative Environmental Planning Initiative Report. http://brasdorcepi.ca/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Spirit-of-the-Lake-speaks-June-23.pdf
CEPI (Collaborative Environmental Planning Initiative). (2015). Bras D’Or Lakes. Collaborative Environmental Planning Initiative. www.brasdorcepi.ca
Chilima, J., Gunn, J., Noble, B., & Patrick, R. (2013). Institutional considerations in watershed cumulative effects assessment and management. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 31(1), 74–84. doi:10.1080/14615517.2012.760227.
Coombes, B., Johnson, J. T., & Howitt, R. (2014). Indigenous geographies III methodological innovation and the unsettling of participatory research. Progress in Human Geography, 38(6), 845–854. doi:10.1177/0309132513514723.
Coulthard, G. (2014). Red skin, white masks. Rejecting the colonial politics of recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Daley, K., Castleden, H., Jamieson, R., Furgal, C., & Ell, L. (2014) Municipal water quantities and health in Nunavut households: An exploratory case study in Coral Harbour, Nunavut, Canada. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 73(1). doi:10.3402/ijch.v73.23843
Environment Canada. (2004). Threats to water availability in Canada. National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario. NWRI Scientific Assessment Report Series No. 3 and ACSD Science Assessment Series No. 1, pp 128.
Findlay, I., Ray, C., & Basualdo, M. (2011). Research as engagement: Rebuilding the knowledge economy of the Northern Saskatchewan trappers association co-operative. In P. V. Hall & I. MacPherson (Eds.), Community-university research partnerships: Reflections on the Canadian social economy experience (pp. 141–158). Victoria: University of Victoria.
First Nations Centre. (2007). OCAP: Ownership, control, access and possession. Sanctioned by the First Nations Information Governance Committee, Assembly of First Nations. National Aboriginal Health Organization, Ottawa.
Fresque-Baxter, J. A. (2015). Water is life: Exploring the relationship between place identity, water and adaptive capacity in fort resolution, northwest territories, Canada. Dissertation, Wilfred Laurier University.
Fumoleau, R. (2004). As long as this land shall last. A history of treaty 8 and 11, 1870–1939 (2nd ed., p. 247). Calgary: University of Calgary Press.
Gearheard, S., Matumeak, W., Angutikjuaq, I., Maslanik, J., Huntington, H. P., Leavitt, J., & Barry, R. (2006). It’s not that simple: A collaborative comparison of sea ice environments, their uses, observed changes, and adaptations in Barrow, Alaska, USA, and Clyde river, Nunavut, Canada. Ambio, 35(4), 203–211. doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[203:INTSAC]2.0.CO;2.
Gupa, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2, 163–194.
GWNT (Government of the Northwest Territories). (n.d.). Aboriginal Steering Committee. NWT Water Stewardship. http://www.nwtwaterstewardship.ca/ascommittee
Harper, S. L., Edge, V. L., Schuster-Wallace, C. J., Berke, O., & McEwen, S. A. (2011). Weather, water quality and infectious gastrointestinal illness in two Inuit communities in Nunatsiavut, Canada: Potential implications for climate change. EcoHealth, 8(1), 93–108. doi:10.1007/s10393-011-0690-1.
Hart, M. A. (2010). Indigenous worldviews, knowledge, and research: The development of an indigenous research paradigm. Journal of Indigenous Voices in Social Work, 1(1), 1–16. E-ISSN 2151-349X.
Health Canada. (2015). Drinking water advisories in first nations communities. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fniah-spnia/promotion/public-publique/water-dwa-eau-aqep-eng.php
Howitt, R., & Suchet-Pearson, S. (2006). Rethinking the building blocks: Ontological pluralism and the idea of ‘management’. Geografiska Annaler Series B: Human Geography, 88, 323–335. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2006.00225.x.
Humphery, K. (2001). Dirty questions: Indigenous health and “Western research.”. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(3), 197–202.
Hyslop, K. (2014). A fresh fix for unsafe water on First Nations reserves. The Tyee. http://thetyee.ca/News/2014/01/13/Water-on-Reserves/
Jackson, S. (2006). Compartmentalising culture: The articulation and consideration of indigenous values in water resource management. Australian Geographer, 37(1), 19–31.
Joe-Strack, J. A. (2012). Respect, resilience and prosperity: Recommendations for the Yukon’s water strategy. Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation. http://gordonfoundation.ca/sites/default/files/publications/RespectResilienceProsperity_JJS.pdf
Johnson, J., Howitt, R., Cajete, G., Berkes, F., Louis, R. P., & Kliskey, A. (2016). Weaving indigenous and sustainability sciences to diversify our methods. Sustainability Science, 11, 1–11. doi:10.1007/s11625-015-0349-x.
Kershaw, G. G. L., Castleden, H., & Laroque, C. P. (2014). An argument for ethical physical geography research on indigenous landscapes in Canada. The Canadian Geographer, 58(4), 393–399. doi:10.1111/cag.12092.
King, T. (2003). The truth about stories. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Kirkness, V. J., & Barnhardt, R. (1991). First nations and higher education: The four R’s-respect, relevance, reciprocity, responsibility. Journal of American Indian Education, 30(3), 1–15.
Kovach, M. (2009). Indigenous methodologies: Characteristics, conversations, and context. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Lavalley, G. (2006). Aboriginal traditional knowledge and source water protection: First Nations’ views on taking care of water. Gatineau: Environment Canada.
Lawless, J., Taylor, D., Marshall, R., Nickerson, E., & Anderson, K. (2016). Meaningful engagement: Women, diverse identities, and Indigenous water and wastewater responsibilities. Canadian Woman Studies; Les cahiers de la femme, 30(2,3), 81–88.
Lemelin, H., Dampier, J., Makin, D., & Cross, J. (2014). Aboriginal erasure or aboriginal historical exclusion? Using video interviews to recognize the role of Aboriginal peoples on Kitchi-Gami (Lake superior). Journal of Rural & Community Development, 9(3), 176–185.
Lemoine, N. (2012). Exploring water governance in northern Saskatchewan: Opportunities for a watershed council. Master’s thesis, University of Saskatchewan.
Longboat, S. A. (2012). First Nation water security and collaborative governance: Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point First Nations, Ontario, Canada. Dissertation, Wilfrid Laurier University.
Louis, R. P. (2007). Can you hear us now? Voices from the margin: Using indigenous methodologies in geographic research. Geographical Research, 45(2), 130–139. doi:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2007.00443.x.
Martin, D., Belanger, D., Gosselin, P., Brazeau, J., Furgal, C., & Dery, S. (2007). Drinking water and potential threats to human health in Nunavik: Adaptation strategies under climate change conditions. Arctic 60(2), 195–202. doi:10.14430/arctic244
McGregor, D. (2004). Coming full circle: Indigenous knowledge, environment, and our future. The American Indian Quarterly, 28(3), 385–410. doi:10.1353/aiq.2004.0101.
McGregor, D. (2010). Traditional knowledge: Considerations for protecting water in Ontario. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 3(3). http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=iipj
McGregor, D. (2012). Traditional knowledge: Considerations for protecting water in Ontario. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 3(3): Article 11. doi:10.18584/iipj.2012.3.3.11
Moore, M.-L. (2013). Perspectives of complexity in water governance: Local experiences of global trends. Water Alternatives, 6(3), 154–172.
Moore, M.-L., Shaw, K., Castleden, H., & Reid, J. (2016). Patchy resources for the governance of Canada’s resource patches: How hydraulic fracturing is illuminating the need to improve water governance in Canada. In S. Renzetti & D. Dupont (Eds.), Water policy and governance in Canada. Cham: Springer.
Morrison, A., Bradford, L., & Bharadwaj, L. (2015). Quantifiable progress of the First Nations Water Management Strategy, 2001–2013: Ready for regulation? Canadian Water Resources Journal/Revue Canadienne des Ressources Hydriques, 40(4), 352–372. doi:10.1080/07011784.2015.1080124.
Natcher, D. C., & Davis, S. (2007). Rethinking devolution: Challenges for Aboriginal resource management in the Yukon territory. Society & Natural Resources, 20(3), 271–279. doi:10.1080/08941920601117405.
National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health. (2011). Health land, health people: Forging international connections. www.nccah-ccnsa.ca/264/Healthy_Land__Healthy_People_-_International_Gathering.nccah
Norman, E., Bakker, K., Cook, C., Dunn, G., & Allen, D. (2010). Water security: A primer. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication.
Phare, M. A. S. (2009). Denying the source: The crisis of first nations water rights. Surrey: Rocky Mountain Books Ltd.
Phare, M. A. S. (2011). Restoring the lifeblood: Water, first nations and opportunities for change. Toronto: Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation.
Pickerill, J. (2009). Finding common ground? Spaces of dialogue and the negotiation of indigenous interests in the environmental campaigns in Australia. Geoforum, 40, 66–79. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.06.009.
Polaris Institute, Assembly of First Nations. (2008). Boiling point! Six community profiles of the water crisis facing first nations within Canada. Ottawa: Polaris Institute.
Pribram, K. (2006). Holism vs. Wholism. World Futures, 62(1), 42–46. doi:10.1080/02604020500406255.
Restoule, J., Gruner, S., & Metatawabin, E. (2013). Learning from place: A return to traditional Mushkegowuk ways of knowing. Canadian Journal of Education, 36(2), 68–86.
Rizvi, Z., Adamowski, J., & Patrick, R. J. (2013). First nation capacity in Québec to practice integrated water resources management. International Journal of Water, 7(3), 161–190. doi:10.1504/ijw.2013.054859.
Rowan, M., Poole, N., Shea, B., Mykota, D., Farag, M., Hopkins, C., Hall, L., Mushquash, C., Fornssler, B., & Dell, C. A. (2015). A scoping study of cultural interventions to treat addictions in Indigenous populations: methods, strategies and insights from a Two-Eyed Seeing approach. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 10(26). doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0021-6.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP). (1996). Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal peoples: Looking forward, looking back. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
Sam, M. G. (2013). Oral narratives, customary laws and indigenous water rights in Canada. Master’s thesis, University of British Columbia.
Simeone, T. (2009). Safe drinking water in First Nations Communities (No. PRB 08-43E). Ottawa: Library of Parliament.
Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples. New York: Zed Books.
Strickert, G., Chun, K. P., Bradford, L., Clark, D., Gober, P., Reed, M. G., & Payton, D. (2015). Unpacking viewpoints on water security: Lessons from the South Saskatchewan river basin. Water Policy, 18(1), 50–72. doi:10.2166/wp.2015.195.
Swain, H., Loutitt, S., & Hrudey, S. (2006). Report of the expert panel on safe drinking water for first nations (Vol. 1). Ottawa: Government of Canada.
Szach, N. J. (2013). Keepers of the water: Exploring Anishinaabe and Metis women’s knowledge of water and participation in water governance in Kenora, Ontario. Master’s thesis, University of Manitoba.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the truth and reconciliation commission of Canada. http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Exec_Summary_2015_05_31_web_o.pdf
United Nations. (2008). United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf
von der Porten, S., & de Loë, R. (2013). Water governance and indigenous governance: Towards a synthesis. Indigenous Policy Journal, 23(4), 1–12.
Waldram, J., Herring, D., & Young, T. (2006). Aboriginal health in Canada: Historical, cultural, and epidemiological perspectives (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Walkem, A. (2007). The land is dry: Indigenous people, water, and environmental justice. In K. Bakker (Ed.), Eau Canada: The future of Canada’s water (pp. 303–319). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
Water Policy and Governance Group. (2010). Water challenges and solutions in first nations communities: Summary findings from the workshop sharing water challenges and solutions: Experiences of first nations communities, 15–16 April 2010., Ontario: Kitchener-Waterloo.
White, J., Murphy, L., & Spence, N. (2012). Water and indigenous peoples: Canada’s Paradox. The Indigenous Policy Journal, 3(3): Article 3. doi:10.18584/iipj.2012.3.3.3
Wilson, S. (2008). Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing.
Woo, M. K., Modeste, P., Martz, L., Blondin, J., Kochtubajda, B., Tutcho, D., Gyakum, J., Takazo, A., Spence, C., Tutcho, J., Di Cenzo, P., Kenny, G., Stone, J., Neyelle, I., Baptiste, G., Modeste, M., Kenny, B., & Modeste, W. (2007). Science meets traditional knowledge: Water and climate in the Sahtu (Great Bear Lake) region, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic, 60(1), 37–46. doi:10.14430/arctic263
Zanotti, L., & Palomino-Schalscha, M. (2016). Taking different ways of knowing seriously: Cross-cultural work as translations and multiplicity. Sustainability Science, 11, 139–152.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Castleden, H., Hart, C., Cunsolo, A., Harper, S., Martin, D. (2017). Reconciliation and Relationality in Water Research and Management in Canada: Implementing Indigenous Ontologies, Epistemologies, and Methodologies. In: Renzetti, S., Dupont, D. (eds) Water Policy and Governance in Canada. Global Issues in Water Policy, vol 17. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42806-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42806-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42805-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42806-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)